Influence of the Puritan Faith on the Development of New...

The New England colonies rapidly developed though out the 1600s. This mass of development was influenced by the Puritans, whom founded a majority of the New England and several Middle colonies. The Puritan philosophies and values formed and directed the progress of the colonies. Socially, strict emphasis on church and community was influential in other colonial settlements as well. Politically, unification and representation derived from the Puritans. Economically, ideas such as fair pricing originated through the Puritan minds. It is obvious that the ideas held by Puritans grasped the social, political and economic maturity of the New England colonies in the time period of 1630 to 1660. Influence of the Puritan faith existed massively in social development of New England and brought great changed in the social standings. This can be seen through the emphasis on church and education. Visible in Doc B, a map of a colonial New England town shows the center of a average Puritan town, containing a village green surrounded by multiple buildings. Prominent in the surrounding buildings are the church and the school. The church was the religious and ultimately social center of a Puritan town. Puritan followers strived to comprehend the ways God. This belief also caused the Puritans to think themselves better by destiny; as stated by William Bradford, following the Pequot War, â€Å"†¦and they gave the praise thereof to God†¦who had wrought so wonderfully a [victory]† (Doc D). SomeShow MoreRelatedPuritanism And The Puritan Movement1177 Words   |  5 PagesMagenheimer D period 11/4/14 Synthesis Paper Puritanism in New England Puritanism first started with a movement in Protestantism in England and later colonial America. It was during the reign of Elizabeth when many Protestants returned after leaving England during the time of Bloody Mary who had been killing many Protestants. The movement drew support from people of all walks of life. Towards the end of Elizabeth’s Reign and throughout James I’s reign a new generation of religious thinkers began to articulateRead MorePuritanism And Its Impact On Society1508 Words   |  7 PagesSometimes, it is hard to imagine that religious ideas have enough power not only to change the minds of people but also to build a new society with new principles. The most significant example of such religious power that radically changed the world is Puritanism. Puritanism is usually explained as a religious movement that emerged in England in the late 16th century. Nobody could suppose that its followers would define the destiny of the United States of America. Puritanism should be recognizedRead MorePuritans And The New England1344 Words   |  6 Pages Puritans were a group of English Protestants who believed that the Reformation of the Church of English was still to stuck on Catholic formalities and wanted to simplify and regulate types of worship. The Puritans left England out of a need to purify the church and their own lives. They followed the writings of John Calvin to America and formed The Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was one of the original settlements, settled in 1630 by a group of about 1,000 Puritan refugeesRead MoreImpact of the English Reformation and the Restoration on the English Colonies1729 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical and religious identity in all of Europe, and England in particular, gave rise to the English Reformation and subsequently the Restoration era in the 16th and 17th centuries. While the onset of both the English Reformation and the Restoration era had a prominent impact on the colonies in the New World in regards to religious freedom, they differed in that the Restoration Colonies were embarked upon and driven by economic hunger. In England, clashes between Catholics and Protestants, broughtRead More John Wesley and the Methodist Church- Analysis of â€Å"Methodism and the Christian Heritage in England†1249 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst thirty-two pages of the book on â€Å"Methodism and the Christian Heritage in England† gave a background as to Wesley’s foundation that so many authors overlook. The first page summed it up best in: â€Å"The long course of English ecclesiastical history met the force of a new concern for renewal, both individual and institutional. A long tradition of propositional certainty of faith met the power of a personal experience of faith. An institution built by and for the establishment met a concern for the soulsRead MoreNineteenth Century Americ A Bleak Portrayal Of The Sociopolitical Scene3092 Words   |  13 PagesAmerica: A Bleak Portrayal of the Sociopolitical Scene Puritan Faith Puritan New England experienced one of the most peculiarly memorable historical events of all time. The Salem Witchcraft trials of 1692 remain prominently embodied in the long and colorful history of New England, stretching back into the pre-colonial period. In the grand scheme of things, the Salem trials were the results of a long struggle between the mainstream catholic faith and the early Protestants. It is worth to mention fromRead MoreEuropean Exploration And Colonization Of The New World1248 Words   |  5 Pagescolonization of the New World Power was the main focus for the Europeans to explore and colonize the new world. The Europeans realized by possessing colonies in the new world, they would grow and have more power to challenge other nations. The Spanish became a competitor because they started to realize how valuable the new land could be to their country by obtaining new riches from the land. By discovering these riches, the country would become more powerful. Spain, England, and France knew theyRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Christine Leigh Heyrman1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Awakening A restructuring of religious doctrine, beliefs, and social practices during the 17th and 18th centuries in England, and in North America, infused with Calvinistic religious doctrine initiated the beginning of The Great Awakening. Following this further, according to Christine Leigh Heyrman, The First Great Awakening: Divining America,† a New Age of faith rose to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment. Ultimately reaffirming the view that being truly religious meant trustingRead MoreReligious Doctrine, Beliefs, And Social Practices1348 Words   |  6 Pages A restructuring of religious doctrine, beliefs, and social practices during the 17th and 18th centuries in England, and in North America, infused with Calvinistic religious doctrine initiated the beginning of The Great Awakening. Following this further, according to Christine Leigh Heyrman, The First Great Awakening: Divining America,† a New Age of faith rose to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment. Ultimately reaffirming the view that being truly religious meant trusting the heart ratherRead MoreDisapproval of Puritanism in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1959 Words   |  8 PagesGoodman Brown Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Critical Analysis Nathaniel Hawthorne has presented his disapproval of Puritanism in the form of Young Goodman Brown who has been presented as the living embodiment of Puritanical sect. Where the influence of Hawthornes background on his work is evident, he has managed to present evidences for his argument. In his short story, he portrays Young Goodman Brown as a character who, on the basis of his own staunch beliefs, disapproves everyone bearing

Rhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail

Devin Ponder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States† (King 7). King goes on to inform the clergymen of the reality of the situation where he is and how waiting isn’t an option anymore. In the letter, King uses a variety of rhetorical†¦show more content†¦By making such a comparison, King is establishing credibility and essentially saying to the clergymen, â€Å"listen up†. Through establishing his credibility, King prepares the readers to be open as to how his actions were justif ied in Birmingham. He simply establishes in paragraph 6 that â€Å"In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: (1) collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive, (2) negotiation, (3) self-purification, and (4) direct action. He later goes on in the letter to describe how before they even left to go to Birmingham, they realized that the city was full of injustice. Secondly, King describes how they attempted to negotiate with local leaders and business owners to start implementing laws for desegregation, only to realize that it was a waste of their time since none of the leaders were actually being truthful in their promises. At this point, King states that they decided to go through a process of self-purification. They went through the self-purification process by establishing workshops on nonviolence, training themselves by asking, â€Å"Are you able to accept blows without retaliating? †¦ Are you able to endure the ordeals of jail?† (King 8). After going through such self-purification and nonviolence training, then King elaborates on how they planned out the timing of the action. HeShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead MoreSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthis when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination of three rhetorical appeals to accomplish his rhetor; ethical, logical and emotional. The three appeals used together successfully persuade t he audience to believe King’s argument. The rhetorical trinity consists of threeRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1665 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a great example of an effective and cleverly written response by a complex but yet sophisticated leader of our time. It was written in response to an editorial addressing the issue of Negro demonstrations and segregation in Alabama at the time. He delivers the message in a way with sneaky superiority. He is inviting and open allowing the clergymen to feel as though they have contributed and will contribute. He is not condescending or belittlingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis1136 Words   |  5 PagesKing Jr.’s Letter from the Birmingham Jail, he addresses eight white clergymen who fill his desk with disagreements and criticism of his acts of attempting to abolish segregation. To give a better understanding to his audience he correlates his speech with reli gion, signifying himself to be similar to the Apostle Paul, while speaking up about the injustice being done in Birmingham. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks strongly about being unable to stand back and watch the disputes in Birmingham unravel.Read MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail; Rhetorical Analysis Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof work. Whether that drive comes from a creative source or the need to prove a point, it exists. For Martin Luther King Jr. that drive was the need to put an end to racial injustice that seemed to be everywhere. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a perfect example. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was King’s response to eight clergymen’s â€Å"A Call for Unity.† His drive came from the clergymen’s unjust propositions and accusations. This letter allowed King to not only propose aRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail983 Words   |  4 Pages Letter from Birmingham Jail is a letter that explains the controversy that occurred when the clergymen purportedly criticized Luther’s entrance into Birmingham. Luther King Jr writes this letter to the clergymen who had insinuated that the situation of racial discrimination was in control by the law administrators and was not to be intervened by King and his group, the outsiders. The letter is published by the program of Teaching American History - Ashland University and dated on the day and dateRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From A Birmingham Jail1488 Words   |  6 Pages Obviously, again my primary motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is that this is a requirement for my English Composition Class. My heartfelt motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis is the respect I have for Martin Luther King’s intelligence and commitment that he displayed for the equality of the African American population. In analyzing â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†, I developed an even stronger understanding of the dedicationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail W/ Focus on Ethos1587 Words   |  7 PagesMLK Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis- w/ focus on Ethos â€Å"...we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote, from the third paragraph of the letter written by eight Alabama clergymen, the term outsiders is used. Early on, this creates a label for Martin Luther King, outsider. Throughout his Letter From Birmingham Jail, King is able appeal to ethos in order to refute his title of â€Å"outsider†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Mlk Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King’s inspiration for writing his, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was mainly to appeal to an undeniable injustice that occurred during his time. His letter was in response tos eight white clergymen, who objected to King protesting in Birmingham. Dr. King effectively crafted his counterargument after analyzing the clergymen’s unjust proposals and then he was able to present his rebuttal. Dr. King eff ectively formed his counterargument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen

Impact of Video Games in Society Free Essays

A video game is an interactive computer that displays a video signal, allowing you to play thousands of games on your television or handheld video game device. (Wikipedia, Video Game) We have came a very long way since the very first type of video game console was invented by Ralph Baer in 1967. From the very first console, the â€Å"Brown Box† to the more interactive video game consoles such as the Wii, Playstation, XBOX or the handheld Nintendo DS. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Video Games in Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of which video game is being used, it has made a huge impact in life’s of many children, as well as adults today. In the beginning, the games were user friendly and parents did not have much to worry about if they purchased a video game for their child. Take Pac Man for example, a very simple game where the player â€Å"Pac Man† eats dots and tries to avoid getting touched by an enemy. Now in 2012, we have games such as Call of Duty which focuses on killing members of the opposite team. As we as a society became more developed in technology, the video game systems became more and more high tech. For today’s generation, playing a 3D interactive video game is normal. The manifest function of video game systems of today is the ability to connect the console to your television and even internet and play virtually with friends online. In 2009, it was reported by the Entertainment Software Association that nearly sixty-eight percent of households told have at least one gaming system. There are many video games aimed at children today that can be used as a learning tool. However, the amount of violent games greatly outweighs the educational ones. There are many sociological impacts from video gaming systems today. Gaming systems are a very popular way of keeping children and teenagers entertained. Teenagers and children are becoming more and more addicted to these gaming systems everyday, which could lead to many issues such as poor school work or childhood obesity. Instead of doing homework or playing outside as we did before video games became popular, children are spending hours a day sitting on the couch due to the addictiveness of these games. Many of the games being sold today are full violence and teaching children bad morals such as sexuality, drug trafficking and even rape. According to Dr. Craig Morrison, a professor of psychology at Iowa State University, even if children are playing games without violence, these children are forty percent more likely to show aggressive behavior after playing. The latent functions of these video gaming systems are quite clear. If we continue to allow children to play them it will lead to childhood obesity, violence as they grow older and even lack of motivation to communicate with the real world. In 2007 a sixteen year old boy in Ohio killed his own mother and shot his father simply because they took a game away from him, â€Å"Halo 3. According to the boy’s lawyer, he was injured in an accident that did not allow him to go anywhere, so he focused all of his time, energy, and mostly anger on playing this video game. When his parents decided the game was too violent, they took it away, causing the boy to snap. This is just one example of how video games can unintentionally lead to violence, and in this case death. The Universit y of Texas performed a study on the relations of childhood obesity and video games. Results were found to be that video games, due to their addictiveness were the cause of the children’s overweight status, and not linked to watching television as some may argue. It was found that children with a high weight status spent more time inside and less time performing outside activities, such as sports or riding bicycles. Perhaps the parents are to blame for allowing their children to do this; however, many parents today are of the working class group, sometimes being forced to leave their children unattended to do whatever they please. Each and every video game is required to have a rating. There are seven total. Early childhood being the most non-violent and inappropriate. The rating Adults Only, requiring the purchaser to be eighteen years or older. Titles in this category usually include scenes of intense violence and or graphic sexual content and nudity. Even with the ratings, these video games are still getting into the hands of children. As our society and technology begins to grow, the problem will continue to worsen. Citations: (Iowa State University Newspaper Article) http://www. public. iastate. edu/~nscentral/news/2007/mar/vvg. shtml (Cleavlead. com Article) http://blog. cleveland. com/metro/2008/12/boy_killed_mom_and_shot_dad_ov. html How to cite Impact of Video Games in Society, Papers

Child Language acquisition Outline the main stages of child language development Essay Example For Students

Child Language acquisition Outline the main stages of child language development Essay Similarly to physical activity e.g. standing, all normal children develop language skills at roughly the same time, and follow approximately the same language acquisition schedule regardless of their culture. However, the rate at which each individual child reaches the various stages will vary from child to child. Children are seen as having an innate ability to distinguish between different aspects of language at various stages during the early years of life. Therefore the child notices regularities in what is heard and then applies those regularities to what he/she says. There are several stages in child language acquisition that the child must go through in order to begin to use language with some grammatical structure. The language acquisition schedule begins with caretaker speech, particularly in western society under normal conditions. Caretaker speech is the simplified speech style adopted by a person who spends a lot of time interacting with the child. The behaviour of adults within the home, especially the primary caretaker influences the infants language development. Adults do not address the child during conversation, with typical adult-to-adult conversation, instead emphasis is placed on sounds, and the simple language forms, for example, Oh goody, now daddy push choo choo? There are typical features of caretaker speech such as frequent questions, with exaggerated intonation, simple sentence structures, and repetition. The simplified forms provided by the adult, give clues to the child regarding the basic structural organisation needed, this is typical where the child has already begun to form sounds, and put words together. The adult also uses baby-talk alternatives to the English language e.g. simplified words tummy or completely alternative forms with repeated sounds e.g. choo-choo. Language used by the caretaker whilst interacting with the child will usually be concerned with something within the Childs environment, and that the child is familiar with e.g. toys, pets, mummy, and daddy etc. Before the child can even speak within a conversation with the caretaker, he/she is assigned an interactive role, where the child may actively play the role, by taking instructions and following them, or using facial expression to show approval/ disapproval of an aspect of conversation. Caretaker speech therefore forms the foundation of the acquisition schedule, with the child having learnt basic sounds and perhaps having picked up on some structural elements. The caretaker stage is the stage that the acquisition schedule will be built on. The very early stages of child language acquisition involve pre-linguistic sounds which are called cooing and babbling Three stages of sound production are recognised between the age of 3 months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10 months. Cooing is the first form of recognizable sounds, consonants such as K and G and vowels e.g. I and U can normally be heard by the age of 3 months old. The Childs vocal sounds will vary from those of adults. The second stage of sound production is known as babbling, and is reached at approximately 6 months. This may consist  of syllable type sounds e.g. mu, and by the age of 9 months there are noticeable intonation patterns in the consonant and vowel combinations. Typical features of the later stage of babbling are sound play and imitation. Parents and others who interact with the child react to the babbling and treat it as contribution to social interaction, however incoherent it may be. The holophrastic stage follows pre-language, and is reached at the age of 12-18 months. Holophrastic is a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence. The infant begins to produce a number of recognisable single utterances. The main characteristic of the holophrastic stage is the use of single terms foe everyday objects e.g. cat, cup whats that etc. Although many of the forms are used to name a single object the infant may be using them to refer to something else and extending their use, but may not be able to string the two separate forms together to form the one phrase. .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .postImageUrl , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:visited , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:active { border:0!important; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:active , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: French Revolution (Causes and Changes) EssayThe two-word stage occurs at approx. 18-20 months, and involves a variety of combinations to make more complex phrases, e.g. baby chair, mummy eat will appear. They may be interpreted in many different ways by the responding adult e.g. the phrase baby chair, may be taken as an expression of possession this is babys chair, as a request put baby in chair, or as a statement baby is in the chair. The adult therefore reacts as if there is communication taking place; the child produces speech, and then receives feedback, which confirms to the child that the utterance has been successful. By the age of 2, the child will have a vocabular y of over 50 words, and is treated as an entertaining conversational partner by the primary caretaker, e.g. asking the child to say things in order to display his/her vast understanding of language. Now that the child has a fairly large vocabulary the stage of telegraphic speech begins. This is the stage where the important things are said. Between 2 and 3 years old, the child begins to produce a number of multiple word utterances. The variation of word forms that begin to be used by the child are the interesting and prominent feature of telegraphic speech. Telegraphic speech is characterised by strings of lexical morphemes the smallest unit of meaning in a language in phrases e.g. cat drink milk. At this stage phrases such as Andrew want ball display that the child has acquired some sentence building capacity. By the age of 2 and a  ½, the childs vocabulary is expanding and he/she is now beginning to initiate conversation more frequently. At the age of three, the vocabulary has grown to hundreds of words, and the pronunciation is becoming more like that of an adult. Speech initiated by the child is now coherent. The child now reaches the stage of morphology, and is going beyond the boundaries of telegraphic speech. Inflectional morphemes are now being used by the child to  indicate the grammatical function of the nouns and verbs being used. A morpheme is the smallest piece of speech that has meaning. The child begins to use ing to form expressions such as mummy reading book, s to make plurals cats, and the possessive inflection s is used to form girls dog. When addings to form plurals however the child may develop a tendency to over generalise and add s and es to words such as foot, and house. During the stage of morphology the child is trying to work out and understand how to use the linguistic system as well as use it as a form of communication. Syntax is an important part of the acquisition process showing that the child understands what they are hearing but their use of syntactic structure is being employed to allow them to express what they are hearing around them in their own individual way. There are three identifiable stages in the formation of questions and the use of negatives, stage 1 takes place between 18 and 26 months and the wh form is added to the beginning with a slight rise in intonation e.g. where kitty?. Stage 2 between 22 and 30 months more complex expressions can be formed and more wh forms are used e.g. You want eat? .Stage 3 between 24 and 40 months, the inversions of subject and verbs has appeared How that opened? There are several semantic features of the acquisition process, the most common being overextension, during the holophrastic stage the child overextends the meaning of a word on the basis of similar shapes, size, movement etc e.g. bow-wow for cats, horses, and cows or tick-tock for a watch, bathroom scales etc. Lexical relations are also a feature of child semantics. The child will almost always use the middle level term in a set of similar words e.g. animal: dog: poodle, the child will use dog, as a word for animals. .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .postImageUrl , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:visited , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:active { border:0!important; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:active , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage drinking EssayBy the age of 5, the child will have a vocabulary of over 2000words and will have completed the majority of the basic language acquisition process.

A Seize of Power essays

A Seize of Power essays After WWI, Germany was in a exceedingly unpleasant state. It had been forced, by the Treaty of Versailles, to take full blame for the war. This meant that Germany would have to pay reparations for all of the other countries. Reparations were even harder to pay since Germany was in the midst of one of the worst stagflation epidemics in history. Not to mention a brand new government, one that had nothing to do with the signing of this treaty, had taken over power. All of the people of this once superpower of a country were in a state of perplexity because they had lost a war that had been fought entirely on enemy soil. Germany was searching for an answer to its insurmountable problems, and found that answer in a Nazi named Adolf Hitler. Hitler was born in Austria, into a troubled house. He had aspirations of becoming an artist, but those subsided when he was rejected from the college of art he planned on attending. He had started listening to a man named Lueger, who was at that time the mayor of Vienna. Lueger was a Nazi, with strong anti-Semitic views, which seemed to be a logical answer for Hitler and his problems. It was around this time that Hitler was drafted by the army. Instead of going to fight for his country, he chose to flee to Germany. Which is a bewildering thought seeing as how he voluntarily joined the German army when he got there. After the war, Hitler joined up with a right wing campaign whose job was to spy on other government groups. Upon spying on one of the parties, the N.S.D.A.P. or Nazi party, he found that he had a lot in common with their views. He decided this was his calling so he ended up joining that particular party. While in this party, he found out about his abilities to draw a crowd and make them believe what you are saying. It was at this time he started his famous speeches that could captivate and somewhat hypnotized whoever happened to listen in. He started speaking in beer ha...

Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! Essays - Cloning, Molecular Biology

Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! Essays - Cloning, Molecular Biology Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! On February 24, 1997, the world was shocked and fascinated by the announcement of Ian Wilmut and his colleagues. A press release stated that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep. Since then, cloning has become one of the most controversial and widely discussed topics. The issue that gets the greatest focus is human cloning, and there has been an onslaught of protests and people lobbying for a ban on it. However, there is a real danger that prohibitions on cloning will open the door to inappropriate restrictions on accepted medical and genetic practices. Therefore, the banning of cloning is unjust. The most popular objection to human cloning is the assumption that science would be playing God if it were to create human clones. This argument refuses to accept the advantage of biological processes and to view the changes of the world. Religious objections were once raised at the prospects of autopsies, anesthesia, artificial insemination, organ transplants, and other acts that seemed to be tampering with divine will. Yet enormous benefits have been gathered by each of these innovations, and they have become a part of humans daily life. The issue of playing God has already arisen when a doctor selects a patient on a waiting list for transplant and leaves others to die, and when the doctor puts their patient under life support whenever they are in coma or they are near death. The moral issue of cloning is similar to the past issue faced by the society such as nuclear energy, recombinant DNA, and the computer encryption. There have always been religious and moral objections to new t echnologies and changes merely because they are different and unknown to humans. The public not only worries about science playing God, but also fears that the cloned childs autonomy and individuality will be reduced because it will have the same DNA as another person. One of the more eloquently stated fears about the loss of uniqueness is a consideration for the rights of the clone to a unique and untried genotype. Moreover, the cloned individual will be saddled with a genotype that has already lived. He will not be a fully surprise to the world, and other people are most likely to compare his performances in life with that of his clone source. But the child who results from cloning will not be the same person as the clone source, even if the two share many physical characteristics. Its uterine, early childhood, and overall rearing environment and experiences will be different. Given the importance for nurture in making a person who he is, the danger that the person cloned will lack a unique individuality is highly fanciful. When Ian Wilmut and his colleagues announced they had successfully cloned a sheep, president Clinton immediately banned federal funds from being used for human cloning research, stating that, Any discovery that touches upon human creation is not simply a matter of scientific inquiry, it is a matter of morality and spirituality as well. Each human life is unique, born of a miracle that reaches beyond laboratory science. However, president Clinton has failed to see the benefits of human cloning. Cloning can directly offer a means of curing diseases or often a technique that can extend means to acquiring new data for the sciences of embryology. European researchers reported that they had developed a method using cloning technology that could help many infertile women to have babies; they do this by inserting the nucleus of one woman s egg into another womans egg. This would allow an older woman to have a baby that is genetically hers, but using the

The Reform Program of John Calvin in the City of Geneva Comparing it Research Paper

The Reform Program of John Calvin in the City of Geneva Comparing it with either the Enlish or the Catholic Reformation - Research Paper Example When the Religious tension raised up and took a dangerous course Calvin fled to Basel in Switzerland where he published his first book â€Å"The Institute of the Christian Religion† in 1936. In the following year, he was hired to help reform the Church in Geneva. He was expelled from his duty but he continued his efforts for reform and soon he was called to take over his duties back and lead the church. On his return to his duties, he made several prominent changes in church government and Liturgy regardless of some influential families who were against his policies. Calvin suffered harassment and criticism but remained focused on his mission of improving and bringing in new reforms. In his way, he was supported by the refugees during the election of city council. Calvin tried hard and did his best to promote new reforms both in Geneva and Europe. Calvin’s reforms and ideology is known as Calvinism. CALVINISM: Calvinism is all about doctrine of Predestination and absolu te sovereignty of God which is greatly influenced by Augustinian. (Thomas, 1963) The theology of Calvinism was infused in Europe in 16th century, which is based on five basic reforms, which is recalled by an acrostic TULIP: T: Total Depravity explains that mankind has no power to choose right or wrong paths as people are all helplessly sinners and only God can choose them for the right path. Catholics preaches that this mankind has free will and can choose between right and wrong path, God has given a liberty to people to choose the way they want and will be rewarded accordingly (Steele, 1963). U: Unconditional Election states that People who go to heaven is not because of their good deeds or faith but they were unconditionally chosen by God to be sent to heaven and the rest are lost forever. Catholics says that it is the faith that lived and exists and people will be rewarded in regard of their deeds. L: Limited Atonement says that Jesus gave his life for specific sins of selected people, who will ultimately go to heaven and the God has already chosen people for heaven. Catholicism teaches that Jesus sacrificed his life for all mankind regardless of any favor to specific people and people have to believe it without any doubt. I: Irresistible Grace explains that whoever is selected by God will get the virtue of knowledge of God and the elected person cannot resist the call. Catholicism says that Grace is a divine gift for all mankind but people can resist the call. P: Perseverance of the Saints states that the one who received the call of communion will remain in that state until reach heaven, it is impossible for any person to lose his Salvation. Catholicism says that as human we are all sinful and somehow make mistakes but God is there to forgive and deliver us in heaven. All these five points were strongly condemned by the Roman Catholic Church and they present different view or interpretation of the verses of Gospel from which Calvin supported and spread h is own perceptions. There are different theologies over same verses but the interpretation completely differs to what Calvin tried to prove. ARMINIANSM: (Stanglin, 2009) Armenian theology also has some conflicts with what Calvin’s reforms say. Armenians rejects the idea of predestination and it says that a person is not

Canadian Economic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian Economic History - Essay Example This paper seeks to analyze these major events in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. From the period of 1960 till 1973, Equalization payments were made to Manitoba and Saskatchewan which offered protection to Ontario market. In the eighties, petrochemical industry was established and developed in Alberta and Manitoba concentrates on production of buses and light aircrafts(Norrie, Owram, andEmery, 125). Still several provinces relied on exports and on the revenues which were generated by the major industries. In the eighties, majority of Canadians moved to cities and several of them were associated with white collar jobs. In the sixties, the electricity sector in Quebec province was nationalized in order to remove disparities and fluctuation in rates. During the same period, Canada signed Automotive Pact with United States, which concentrated on changing the North American car manufacturing landscape and sought to establish more friendly relations between the two countries (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 163). This assisted in improving the Canadian economy. In the seventies, the foundations for James Bay project were laid in Quebec. This hydro electric project is considered to be the largest development in the Canadian economic history. The OPEC oil crisis in the seventies led to increase in prices of oil. In 1973, the Canadian government established Petro-Canada to stimulate and encourage the exploration of oil and gas and to develop tar sands of Alberta. At the same time, it concentrated on getting hold of reliable imports and to understand the strategic importance of the industry. During the seventies, the Canadian government put efforts to control the domestic oil prices (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 172). In the year 1975, Anti-Inflation Act was incorporated which concentrates on escalation of wage and price inflation. Consequently, the Consumer Price Index inflation was 10.7 percent in the year 1974. in 1975, it was 10.9 percent. 1980s and 1990s In the eighties, Canada experience economic recession. There was a great impact on the mineral and manufacturing industry. In 1982, mining activities and operations in Yukon were shut down. More than seven hundred thousand miners were unemployed because of recession. In the mid eighties, the Canadian economy recovered itself and its economic growth was highest among al OECD countries. However, there were vast differences in economies of different Canadian provinces. Central provinces were economically and financially strong, whereas western provinces experiences economic recession because of decrease in prices of oil and other natural resources. The Atlantic Provinces also experienced turnover (Norrie, Owram, and Emery, 175). In the 1990, the Canadian economy started to contract and was heavily affected by the recession. Although recovery began in 1991, Canada experienced high rates of unemployment and budget deficit. However, it should be noted that in the nineties the Canadian econ omic growth rate was about three percent. In the year 1992, the unemployment rate was about twelve percent, which gradually declined to eight percent in 1999.Because of economic recession of early eighties and nineties, high unemployment rates, budget deficits and disaffection were witnessed. Because of the declining economy, Progressive Conservative Party was rejected severely

Reading questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading questions - Assignment Example He stresses on his scientific deduction of the evaluation typology as the model framework and establishes it with appropriate examples. Evaluation is invaluable for the functional prospect of any program. Deducing an apt evaluation system has direct impact on the success rate of a process. The studies of Chen as well as Worthen and Sanders focus on the different approaches to evaluation both on the conceptual and functional level. But the researchers have discussed the topic from the perspectives of their individual understanding and findings. Chen goes into an in depth analysis of the evaluation system that involves a study of how it works in the program, its role in defining and affecting the program and its effectiveness. Chen seems to dissect the evaluation process on an operational level. But Worthen and Sanders emphasize the theoretical, philosophical and psychological aspects of evaluation. Their study covers a wider range of the meaning and conceptual basis of evaluation and how it can be implemented accordingly. In discussing evaluation Chen has kept his focus strictly on the key factor of evaluation which is to determine the efficacy of a particular program and the success of its outcome or end result. He criticizes the analytical interpretations of both Scriven and Stake regarding the use and purpose of evaluation. Chen attempts to take an objective, data-based and technical approach to the analysis of evaluation. His aim seems to formulate basic scientific criteria of a typology that could be applied to different situations. He holds that the four categories of evaluation, process-improvement, process-assessment, outcome-improvement and outcome assessment, are at the basis of judging any situation. Chen elaborates on these categories defining their inter-relationship and inter-dependency through real-life examples. His main purpose is to emphasize the usability of the evaluation process in a competitive atmosphere. Worthen and Sanders provide a

Powers of the Sovereign

Powers of the Sovereign 1(a) Powers of the Sovereign Under the (unwritten) constitution of the United Kingdom, all actions of government are undertaken in the name of the Crown. According to Joseph Chitty: â€Å"The rights of sovereignty, or supreme power, are of a legislative and executive nature, and must, under any form of government, be vested exclusively in a body or bodies, distinct from the people at large† [1820, p.2]. The Queen is therefore part of the legislature which consists of the Crown and the Houses of Lords and Commons. Further, while it was established by the Case of Proclamations (1611), the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Case of Prohibitions (1607) that the monarch has no power to make laws or act in a judicial capacity, the entire administration of justice is conducted in the name of the Queen. In addition, much of government is conducted by the exercise of the Royal Prerogative including the power to declare was and enter into treaties with foreign states. The Queen alone has the power to dissolve Parliament, appoint ministers and assent to bills. Therefore it may be concluded that although frequently dismissed as a titular head of state, the Queen continues to exercise considerable power within what is in all other respects a truly parliamentary democracy. 1(b) Concern at the Constitutional Position of the Monarch This dichotomy between the will of the people as expressed through their elected representatives in Parliament and the residual power vested in the Queen who ascend the throne solely on the basis of hereditary entitlement inevitably gives rise to concern as to the potential for misuse of sovereign power. Typically, Queen Victoria retained the view that she had the ability to dissolve Parliament against the customary advice of her ministers. In the Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd series, Vol II, pp.297-99, Lord Salisbury warned of the potentially disastrous consequences of such a step with the dismissed party then having to â€Å"go to the country† as opponents of the Crown. In reality, constitutional convention dictates that such a step would never be undertaken. It is as unthinkable as the Queen refusing Royal Assent to an Act of Parliament. Similarly, the House of Lords made it clear in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister of State for Civil Service (1985) the case in which the prerogative power to withdraw trade union rights from employees at GCHQ was challenged (albeit unsuccessfully) that the courts retained the right to review the exercise of prerogative power. Thus it may be concluded that while constitutional concerns must exist in theory as to the manner in which the Queen might exercise her power, the reality is that she regards herself as being prevented by convention from so doing. 2) The European Communities Act 1972 Section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972 provides: â€Å"All such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions from time to time created or arising under the Treaties†¦are without further enactment to be given legal effect or used in the United Kingdom shall be recognised and available in law†¦[emphasis supplied]. The issue of what will happen if a domestic statute is inconsistent with directly effective Community obligations is specifically addressed by s.2(4): â€Å"†¦any enactment passed or to be passed [by the Westminster Parliament]†¦shall be construed and have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section.† Initially, the response of the courts to these provisions was ambivalent. In Felixstowe Dock and Railway Co v British Transport Docks Board (1976), Lord Denning ventured that once a Bill â€Å"is passed by Parliament and becomes a statute, that disposes of all discussion about the Treaty. These courts will then have to abide by statute without regard to the Treaty at all.† However, in McCarthys Ltd v Smith (1979), Lord Denning appeared to retreat from this position: â€Å"In construing our statute, we are entitled to look at the Treaty as an aid to its construction: and even more, not only as an aid but an overriding force.† In Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd (1983), Lord Diplock expressed the view that anything short of an express statement in a statute that it was intended to be in breach of Community Law would not justify a UK court in finding an inconsistency. However, in Factortame (No.1) (1989) the House of Lords refused to grant interim relief to restrain the operation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 on the basis of s.2(4) of the 1972 Act. This was however overturned by the European Court of Justice and led to the decision in Factortame (No.2) (1991) in which Lord Bridge concluded: â€Å"Under the terms of the Act of 1972 it has always been clear that it was the duty of a UK court when delivering final judgment, to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law†. In Duke v Reliance Systems Ltd (1988) the House of Lords had to consider whether the different retirement ages for men and women in this country was in breach of the Equal Treatment Directive. It was argued that the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 should be construed so as to conform with the Directive. Lord Templeman argued: â€Å"A British court will always be willing and anxious to conclude that United Kingdom law is consistent with Community law. Where an Act is passed for the purpose of giving effect to an obligation imposed by a directive or other instrument a British Court will seldom encounter ay difficulty in concluding that the language of the Act is effective for the intended purpose.† It may be concluded therefore that despite the initial misgivings described above, the approach of the British courts has been to ensure that European Law will always prevail over inconsistent domestic law by virtue of the operation of the European Communities Act 1972. As will be observed, this has on occasion given rise to a certain degree of mental judicial gymnastics where the statute appears to be inconsistent on its face but the courts have strained to impose an interpretation that will allow at least the pretence of consistency.

The Ambiguity of Shakespeares Ambiguous Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare H

Ambiguity of Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s dramatic tragedy Hamlet, the reader finds ambiguity of one type and another here and there throughout the play. The protagonist himself is an especially ambiguous character is his own rite.    Harold Bloom in the Introduction to Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet expounds on the ambiguity and mysterious conduct of the hero during the final act:    When Horatio responds that Claudius will hear shortly from, presumably that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been executed, Hamlet rather ambiguously [my italics] makes what might be read as a final vow of revenge:    It will be short. The interim is mine. And a man’s life’s no more than to say â€Å"one.† (2)    The play begins with the changing of the sentinels on a guard platform of the castle of Elsinore in Denmark. Recently the spectral likeness of dead King Hamlet has appeared to the sentinels for no definite purpose. Tonight the ghost appears again, for no apparent reason, to Barnardo, Marcellus and Horatio, a very close friend of Hamlet. Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet, who is home from school, dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). There is a social gathering of the court, where Claudius pays tribute to the memory of his deceased brother, the former king, and then, along with Queen Gertrude, conducts some items of business, for example dispatching Cornelius and Voltemand to Norway to settle the Fortinbras affair, addressing Polonius and Laertes on the subject of the latter’s return to school abroad.    Hamlet is present at the court gat... ...est Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.      

In this chapter the writer uses the setting of the chapter to explain the feeling of all the main characters Essay

In this chapter the writer uses the setting of the chapter to explain the feeling of all the main characters. When we first meet the family they are walking down a road which is all dirty and surrounded by dirt. The nature around them is dying out or rotting. This we can apply to both characters feeling; Micheal feels like his marriage spoiled or ruined his chance of a good life or any fortunes. Whereas Susan feels like she is dying or has died in Micheal’s heart since he is ready to sell her like he would’ve sold a horse in an auction. Hardy uses nature many times in this chapter. At one time when Micheal is auctioning Susan we are told that a sparrow flies in and everyone watches the sparrow till it disappears. This could in fact be showing us Susan’s position. Everyone watches her till she is able to go out of the tent with Newson the sailor. Hardy uses a lot of contrast to show the readers Micheal’s two sides, in this chapter. In the last chapter we saw Micheal in his drunken state which was his dark side. We saw his greed and bad temper. In chapter 2 though we see Micheal when he is sober and when he finds out what he has done. He shows determination in finding his wife and takes responsibility, however even in this chapter we see Micheals bad side when he blames Susan for being simple minded enough to think the auction was binding. Also we see his negative points when he is too proud of himself to tell people why he is searching for his wife. We straight away see that these two sides of Micheals will be a great factor in this book. In this chapter Hardy relives the walk to Weydon-Priors. Only this time the people walking are in a more loving situation. Also there are two women. The women obviously feel love for each other because they are holding each others hands. The fact that they are both wearing black gowns straight away gives us an idea of why these two women have come back this way. Also this is the first time we see Elizabeth- Jane in her grown up state and we see that she is brought up as a very nice girl. Although we see straight away that she is brought up in a rich lifestyle when she tells her mother that the infirmity tent â€Å"isn’t respectable†. At this point e see for the first time that Hardy adds suspence when he decides to bring Susan back to Micheal. The reader wonders why Susan is so determined to meet him. He main question is why ahs Susan never told Elizabeth when she is old enough to know. Casterbridge is described in great detail and because Hardy has a gift for description we can almost see the town come to life. We also find that the town is eager to spread gossip when two women willingly tell Susan about the gossip of the bread and the town. We can see from detailed point that the public will be a very important point in the book. Micheal also reveals his caring point when he tells the towns people that the wheat is not really safe to eat. We also se that Micheal is true to his oath not to drink, when in his meeting he only drinks water. Near the end of the meeting we see the Angry Micheal side when he makes a sharp retort. We see a description of Farfrae and immediately we can tell that he is the total opposite of Henchard. Both in looks and we think in personality. Also through the names of the pubs and inns we can see that maybe Hardy is trying to make a point. When they go to the three mariners then Hardy could be trying to say that they are among the waves of chance. The fact that chance plays a big role in this novel and especially in this chapter. It’s by chance that Farfrae hears about the corn and has the solution or that Elizabeth-Jane notices him and that they all stay at the three mariners. Also the way Michael misses his family by a few minutes on his way to see the man. We can assume that Hardy is proving the powers working against mankind in this chapter. In this chapter we see little irony when Elizabeth-Jane says that they must stay at the fancy inn yet then gets a job as a serving maid which is not too respectable it self. While we can say that Elizabeth-Jane is making sacrifices for her mother, we can still remember that the town’s people have seen Elizabeth serving them and they will remember her face later on. Also in this chapter we pity Michael when we learn that he is lonely and we guess that what he wants is a business partner or a friend. Farfrae is straight away the person that comes to mind. Though again we see a bit of fickleness in Michael’s attitude when he cannot even remember the old mangers name. Farfrae then decides to sing fro the towns people and its by chance that the people are in the mood for his sad songs and Elizabeth-Jane who has been eyeing him, has her heart set on him. When the townspeople talk to Farfrae we know straight away that he has the ability to charm people and when he sings he is charmed them further. We can assume that the reason that the townspeople like the sad songs is because they feel like the story of the song represents them in a way, with their lost ideals. We can even see a bit of this in Micheal himself. Also Elizabeth-Jane misinterprets the songs that Farfrae sings and when her mother says he Elizabeth assumes it’s about Farfrae. These misunderstandings prove to be a problem later on. In the next chapter wee that both Susan and Micheal have to turn towards the younger generation to save themselves. Susan saves her marriage by sending Elizabeth-Jane with the note to Micheal and Micheal saves his business by begging Farfrae to say on as manager. When Elizabeth-Jane takes the walk through the town it creates a time of suspense because it is stalling the meeting between Micheal and Susan and it cuts the conversation between Micheal and Farfrae. Mostly though it shows us just how much power Micheal ahs in his town socially and business wise. Again we see a contrast between Michael’s sides when at first he acts kindly towards Elizabeth-Jane, when he learns who she is. Also when he sends back Susan five guineas we feel that he is almost trying to buy her back since five guineas are how much was paid for her before. Yet we see his cold side again when he coldly turns down Joshua Jopp about his interview and he has created a new enemy at the same time. Later also Micheal explodes on Elizabeth-Jane and cannot even calm himself down. Also in this chapter we see a proud side of Michael when he asks to see Susan in a secret place and will not see her in public incase they might be seen and found out. Slowly we will see this part of his attitude be a big part of his downfall. In the next chapter when Micheal has asked to see Susan in the ring and we get the description of the place it automatically sets a place for something negative to take place. Almost a place where nothing positive can happen. Hardy backs this himself by saying,’ the boys cannot make this a good cricket field’. This ring is maybe meant to show Hardy’s life in a way that Hardy is known for his architecture and his liking to the Greek mythology in a way. The Roundness representing the coliseum and the positiveness being kept away by ghosts of the past like the killed gladiator or the woman who was strangled. This is like a metaphor in a way to their relationship. Micheal will fall in battle and his control is so tight on Susan it might almost be strangling her. The next chapter gives us an idea of our speculation is chapter 3 about another woman in Micheals life. We learn that this woman is infact living in Jersey. We already know that when a person is included in Hardy’s plots he is never easily forgotten so when we hear about this woman we straight away know she will affect the plot. Again this chapter reveals a lot when Micheal reveals to his ‘best friend’ that he is very lonely and would like a friend. We guess straight away that he ahs also made a mistake when he reveals his whole past to someone he has only known for a day. He tells Farfrae everything and doesn’t think of any consequences that could later occur. We see Farfrae first ability in this chapter after he handles his position very well with his new boss. Even though he has plans to eat alone he decides to dine with Micheal and when he is asked about help on how to handle his problem with the lady in Jersey he gives an answer that could start the first sign of discord between the two people. He tells Micheal that he should firstly tell Elizabeth-Jane the truth about her mother and father and he disagrees and gets rather angry. Yet he forgets that it was him who in the first place told him about all his past secrets. In this chapter we finally see Micheal openly court Susan and then propose to her. Even though this should be good new the whole chapter caries ill will which is mostly carried by the townspeople. We can maybe use the nature’s reaction to show out the feelings of Micheal and Susan. When the two enter the church to get married it is raining quite badly and it is very dark almost showing how the two really feel about each other. Hardy uses these nature effects to show the reader how the two feel about each either. By hiding the meaning of the nature effects it almost showing that the two have hidden their feelings about each other. The townspeople also add most of the uneasiness. They don’t actually know the secret about the wedding but they have an idea that something is not right. They immediately feel that Susan is not at the same class as Micheal which is ironic because Michael is the one with the worst background out of the two. In this chapter we know for sure that something about Elizabeth-Jane is being hidden because not only does Micheal keep going on about her hair colour but he starts asking her to change her second name. Also we find out that Micheal maybe getting rather annoyed with Farfrae when he gets angry at little things that Farfrae says. At one time he even dismisses Farfraes opinion by saying â€Å"don’t take too much thought about things.† Also since Elizabeth-Jane has started growing in her new place she starts to bloom a certain beauty. Yet she still remembers her old lifes

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDICA RICE BPT5204 WITH CRY1Aa3 GENE Essay Example

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDICA RICE BPT5204 WITH CRY1Aa3 GENE Essay Example GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDICA RICE BPT5204 WITH CRY1Aa3 GENE Essay GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF INDICA RICE BPT5204 WITH CRY1Aa3 GENE Essay Introduction It is indispensable that we better our nutrient production and distribution in order to feed and maintain a turning universe population free from hungriness, while at the same clip cut downing the environmental impacts of high populations and bettering the quality life for most worlds. This will necessitate continued development and responsible use of scientific finds and new engineerings. With the increasing demand of harvest manufacturers for new high giving up cultivars and the demand of consumers for agricultural merchandises, works breeders face major challenges. Assorted methods for presenting new cistrons that confer utile agronomic features into harvests have been successfully exploited by harvest breeders to better agricultural harvests and new cultivars with higher outputs, improved qualities, increased pest oppositions and agronomic traits are continually being developedThough BPT-5204 released during 1986, it has spread all provinces in India. ( Anonymous, 2004 ) . Its ex cellence in cooking quality, but susceptible to brown works hopper and root bore bit. Different exists in rice are considerable for response to callus initiation and transmutation and works regeneration between the japonica types and indica.Engineering of workss promises to make new chances in agribusiness, industry and medical specialty. However, presenting and showing foreign cistrons in workss besides presents many proficient challenges that are non encountered with microbic systems. Transformation techniques have been widely used in rice. A given transgenic event is good known need non consequences workss with their coveted degree for the look of transgene ( Butaye et al. 2005 ) . Therefore, in any harvest works transmutation programme it been necessary to derive a big figure of transgenic events as to pick up among the best of them. Therefore by utilizing efficient and selectable marker cistrons such as hph ( for hygromycin ) and saloon ( for basta ) are more powerful as they r eported in several surveies Experiment The chief purpose of this research is the transmutation of CRY1Aa3 GENE in to the INDICA RICE BPT520. Which is widely grown in India where it is a midget statured ( 78-80 centimeter ) , medium stooling variety.In the experiment the seeds are washed in unfertile conditions and inoculate with chemicals so arrange these seeds in MS medium home bases. After 21 yearss calli will develop. Fresh and healthy callosity was developed which is placed on choice medium. After 15 yearss of incubation in choice medium the immune callosity is transferred to fresh choice medium. This procedure will follow about 4-5 rhythms of choice, from the filteration of all the rhythms merely the immune embryogenic callosity is taken and it is transferred to regeneration medium. Assorted molecular techniques are followed to acquire PCR positive Deoxyribonucleic acid samples ( means our cistron of involvement which is integrated in to genome ) . These techniques are DNA isolation, Gel cataphoresis, Plasmid isolati on, PCR, Elution technique and southern analysis. Finally after all these process the sample was subjected to hybridization procedure so we can presume the consequence. LITERATURE REVIEW : Genetic technology allows the re-introduction of rice cistrons that have been isolated and modified to give altered belongingss. There is a great trade of advancement in stable familial transmutation of rice workss. Compared to conventional genteelness, familial technology is a comparatively faster agencies for varietal betterment that allows transportation of cistrons from within every bit good as outside the primary cistron pool. The usage of transgenic engineering as portion of the conventional genteelness plan purposes to selectively change, reassign, or use some utile agronomic features in workss. ( Lemaux and Peggy, 2008 ) . This engineering offers the possibility of selectively conveying in desirable features from different cultivars of that works species. For case, the transportation of Xa21, a opposition cistron to rice bacterial foliage blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae ( Xoo ) , to cultivars non holding this cistron without utilizing traversing and back-crossi ng. More significantly, characters from unrelated species including micro-organisms, animate beings, and workss can be transferred into mark workss thereby presenting utile foreign cistrons into workss through asexual methods that overcome the defects of conventional genteelness techniques. Great advancement has been made in transmutation engineerings since the in-between 1980s. Coevals of the transgenic works: An excess ordinary phenomenon is that the whole works can be regenerated from a individual works cell, which makes the transmutation of workss much easier than any other being. Alien cistrons can be introduced into life cells through viral infection, protoplast transmutation utilizing polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , microinjection or electroporation, microprojectiles and through Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection.Genetic transmutation of rice through usage of Agrobacterium is a favorite attack as it enables transportation of Deoxyribonucleic acid with defined terminals, minimum rearrangement, integrating of a little figure of transcripts of the cistron and more significantly, the possibility of transportation of larger sections of DNA. In viral transmutation, if the familial stuff is packaged into the genome of a suited works virus and so the modified virus can be used for infection of the works and present the cistron of involvement. Protoplast mediated transmutation is a dependa ble method. Several explants such as embryogenic cell suspension initiated signifier callosity produced from mature seeds, immature embyos, anthers and developing microspores can be used for protoplast isolation ( Potrykus, 1991 ) . An advantage of direct cistron transportation is that any piece of DNA may be transferred without utilizing specialised vectors. The most promising process is `gene hiting . Research methods The popular indica genotype BPT 5204 ( Samba Masuri ) , which is widely grown in Andhra Pradesh was used for tissue civilization and transmutation experiments. It is a midget statured ( 78-80 centimeter ) , medium stooling assortment and matures in about 115-120 yearss with yield potency of 5.5 to 6.0 t/ha.. The grains are long slender and the hull is xanthous in coloring material. Milled rice is semitransparent and white in colour.The plasmid pC1300-cry1Aa3 ( Fig. 2 ) was used for transmutation. All other chemicals were procured from M/s. Sigma-Aldrich Inc. , USA Materials and methods Preparation of Nutrient media Preparation of Stock solutions of salts of MS medium Preparation of stock solution of endocrines Preparation of explant and constitution of civilization Familial transmutation Preparation of Agrobacterium civilization and co-cultivation Washing and Selection Regeneration Molecular analysis of transgenic workss The methods used in this research are 1.DNA isolation 2.Gel cataphoresis 3.Plasmid Isolation 4.Polymerization concatenation reaction ( PCR ) 5.Elution Technique 6.Southern Analysis Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation Is a everyday process in which The genomic DNA was isolated from the foliage samples. Two to three centimeter pieces of immature foliage from putatively transformed workss will take and cut into little pieces. Gel cataphoresis: It is a technique that is used for separation of an deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) ( or ) protein molecules by utilizing an electrical current that is applied to an gel matrix. The Deoxyribonucleic acid Gel cataphoresis has been by and large used after an elaboration of DNA via PCR. This was chiefly used for analysis of stray DNA concentration and quality, PCR merchandise analysis. In this gel with EtBr absorbed under U.V. Plasmid Isolation It is a method that has been used to pull out and purified by a plasmid Deoxyribonucleic acid. As many methods that have been developed to sublimate the Deoxyribonucleic acid from bacteriums. In this technique we will take YEP medium incorporating Kantrex is inoculated with individual settlement of Agrobacterium incorporating the desired plasmid Polymerization concatenation reaction ( PCR ) The genomic DNA isolated from the foliages of putative transformants were subjected to PCR elaboration along with positive ( plasmid DNA ) and negative controls ( non-transformed works ) as per the process described by Williams et Al. ( 1990 ) . This is a technique to magnify individual transcript of piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude and bring forthing more transcripts of peculiar DNA. Southern Analysis Southernblotting is the technique chiefly used for the verification of PCR positives, Means Confirmation of our cistron of involvement, which is integrated into genome. ( mediated by A. tumefaciens. ) Southern blotting was the method of pick for transgene sensing. It involves the isolation of Deoxyribonucleic acid from selected workss, digestion of Deoxyribonucleic acid with limitation enzymes, cataphoresis on agarose gels to divide Deoxyribonucleic acid by size, denaturation of the Deoxyribonucleic acid and transportation of the Deoxyribonucleic acid to a membrane. Label the investigation with certain enzyme like Alkaline phosphatase, which when reacts with its substrate green goodss light which can be documented by exposing to an X-ray movie Concerns about utilizing Familial Transformation The current argument over the hazards of genetically modified ( GM ) nutrient is centered on issues runing from the environmental impacts to the possible affects on human existences and farm animal. If transgenic workss crossbreed with local weeds, it may increase their fight, and a new ace weed could be the consequence ( Daniell, 1999 ) . A recent study from the European Environmental Agency concludes that several bing and future transgenic harvests carry a high hazard of cistron flow to the environment, including the happening of non-transformed harvests in the Fieldss of nearby husbandmans. Transgenic oilseed colza assortments ( including canola ) are rated high hazard for cistron flow to the environment and to conventional harvests in neighbouring Fieldss. While transgenic sugar Beta vulgariss are rated at a medium to high hazard for cistron flow in both classs. In fact, 12 of the universe s 13 most of import harvest species, including wheat, rice, maize, and soya bean, crossbree d with non-cultivated species in some portion of their distribution.One of the solutions to this job is that ordinances, regulating the appraisal of transgenic harvest safety require appliers to pay particular attending to hazards, when releases are planned for parts in which hybridisation with weeds is possible. Problems Related to Utilizing Transgenic Rice in Rice Production Transformation is a heritable alteration in a cell or tissue brought approximately by the consumption and constitution of introduced DNA. Transformation techniques have developed quickly and some transformed harvests have been put into commercial production, including maize, cotton, soya bean, intercrossed maize, canola, tomato, squash and Piper nigrum. Although transgenic rice has been developed from different mark tissues, no commercial transgenic assortments soon have unrestricted usage in rice production. Some jobs include such as deficiency of cistron map ( look ) in the progenesis of transgenic plants.Though some information is available about the mode-of-inheritance of transgenes among offsprings, it has been hard to precisely explicate the mode-of heritage of the foreigner cistrons in these segregating populations. Most selective marker cistrons used in transmutation have been antibiotic opposition cistrons, such as Kantrex and hygromycin opposition cistrons. These selective marker cistrons were perfectly necessary ab initio for transmutation research ( Blochinger et al. , 1984 ) . Use of positive choice markers such manA cistron offers another fresh solution to this job. Week by hebdomad program In the first hebdomad the stock solutions are prepared harmonizing to the propotions. The stock solutions are 2,4-D, kinetin, NAA. After the prepration of the solutions, readying of alimentary media. The alimentary media MS medium which is used for callus initiation and regeneration. Then after readying of MS- agarose mock solutions and the prepratedium, prepration of choice medium, prepration of regeneration medium, prepration of YEB media. For every scientifical experiment the readying of mediums is really of import, to get down the experiment foremost we should fix all the stock standards.In the following hebdomad the callus civilization should be prepared and it is placed on choice medium. This measure will takes up to 15 yearss because the callus civilization should be placed under incubation upto 15 days.In the 4th hebdomad the incubated callus civilization was transferred to fresh choice medium upto 4 to5 rhythms of choice. After this procedure we may acquire opposition embryo logic callosity which is to regeneration medium.In the 5th hebdomad prepration of explants and the constitution of civilization. This procedure takes topographic point may take topographic point upto 10 yearss. Because the seeds must to be develope.In the following hebdomad transmutation procedure, in which the civilization is inoculated and reassign to the fresh stock. As the concluding measure, rinsing and choice of bacteriums. In this measure the immune callosity is selected for regeneration medium.

Free Essays on Happiness

The Biggest Lie in Today’s Society One of the biggest lies in society is the definition of achieving true happiness. What is happiness? According to Michael Argyle, the author of â€Å"The Psychology of Happiness†, people may describe happiness in terms of contentment, satisfaction, peace of mind, feeling fulfilled, or in terms of enjoyment, pleasure and having fun† (Argyle 2). According to the Webster Dictionary, happiness can be defined as feelings of joy and pleasure mingled together. To me happiness is more than just an experience of joy or pleasure. It is a state of mind where the individual feels that â€Å"life is good†. Despite how popular happiness really is, psychology has more often focused on negative emotions. From 1967 to 1994, â€Å"Psychological Abstracts† (a readers guide to psychological literature) included 5099 articles mentioning anger, 36.851 mentioning anxiety, 46.380 mentioning depression. For every 17 abstracts on these topics, only one mentioned satisfaction (2340), or happiness (2389). There is a tendency for most people to explain happiness or unhappiness in terms of the external events of their lives. They explain happiness by pointing to the positives; they explain unhappiness by pointing to the negatives. The implication is that events determine whether or not they are happy. I have always thought that our attitudes have far more to do with how happy we are than any external circumstances. Today, research supports such views. For instance, Sergeant Wilson (an active duty army soldier) served in Iraq and Afghanistan for about one year and a half dealing with numerous horrific experiences. Before he left, like many soldiers, he had a positive yet proactive state of mind. He told himself that regardless of where life and its circumstances took him, he would not allow it to diminish his spirit. Like many people today, by setting a standard in which one does not allow happiness itself to be affec... Free Essays on Happiness Free Essays on Happiness The Biggest Lie in Today’s Society One of the biggest lies in society is the definition of achieving true happiness. What is happiness? According to Michael Argyle, the author of â€Å"The Psychology of Happiness†, people may describe happiness in terms of contentment, satisfaction, peace of mind, feeling fulfilled, or in terms of enjoyment, pleasure and having fun† (Argyle 2). According to the Webster Dictionary, happiness can be defined as feelings of joy and pleasure mingled together. To me happiness is more than just an experience of joy or pleasure. It is a state of mind where the individual feels that â€Å"life is good†. Despite how popular happiness really is, psychology has more often focused on negative emotions. From 1967 to 1994, â€Å"Psychological Abstracts† (a readers guide to psychological literature) included 5099 articles mentioning anger, 36.851 mentioning anxiety, 46.380 mentioning depression. For every 17 abstracts on these topics, only one mentioned satisfaction (2340), or happiness (2389). There is a tendency for most people to explain happiness or unhappiness in terms of the external events of their lives. They explain happiness by pointing to the positives; they explain unhappiness by pointing to the negatives. The implication is that events determine whether or not they are happy. I have always thought that our attitudes have far more to do with how happy we are than any external circumstances. Today, research supports such views. For instance, Sergeant Wilson (an active duty army soldier) served in Iraq and Afghanistan for about one year and a half dealing with numerous horrific experiences. Before he left, like many soldiers, he had a positive yet proactive state of mind. He told himself that regardless of where life and its circumstances took him, he would not allow it to diminish his spirit. Like many people today, by setting a standard in which one does not allow happiness itself to be affec...

Talent Managment Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Talent Managment Process - Essay Example An operational talent management is among the most valuable assets an organization can possess and if the processes associated with talent management are performed in a professional manner, it has the capacity to become the driving force of the company towards economic success. Talent management entails three main aspects that include the acquisition of talent, its development and retention once it has already been acquired (Elegbe 24). Nonetheless, numerous other sub-processes are components of talent management that include the identification of talent, its sourcing and evaluation among others. In the cases where the management of talent is implemented in the proper manner, strategic effects can be seen all over the company and an appropriate talent management entails more than merely attracting, nurturing and retaining the employees who are talented. Human resource functions as a framework for a number of specialty well-designed areas in regard to expertise which require proper appreciation and discipline. In most of the cases, these well-designed areas are considered to include workforce and succession planning, the management of performances as well as compensating and giving benefits to the employees who perform exceptionally. In order to be able to manage talent in an efficient and effective manner, all these aspects have to be consolidated fully and they must work together in a smooth manner. In the initial stages, workforce and succession planning maps out the path for future talent requirements by quantity and qualifying requirements in accordance to the strategy of the company. On the hand, management is tasked with the delivery of an overview if the talent that is already in existence while talent acquisition and recruitment is supposed to make sure that the identified gaps has been closed as far as the talent map is co ncerned. Overall, the

Equity and trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Equity and trust - Essay Example A discretionary trust is a kind of trust, and it can prevail only if a trustee has the core Trust obligation1. For instance , if a settlor creates a trust for the benefit of John Smith with a trust fund of say ? 10,00,000 by appointing Abraham Lincoln as its trustee and to pay any unspent money in that trust to John Smith after 20 years . He also stipulates that within the 20 year, Abraham Lincoln can spend all or any of the trust fund and its income to all or any of the Settlor’s kids or grand kids. The above fall under discretionary trust as John Smith has the authority to decide how to distribute the trust funds for the advantage of the Settlor’s kids or to Abraham Lincoln himself. A fixed trust is one where the trustee may not have any power to select how to divide the trust funds other than the specified beneficiaries2. ... of beneficiaries for whom the trust is meant for and is also known as â€Å" given postulant â€Å" check.4 In IRC v Broadway Cottage Trust5, it was held that so as to fulfil the test of certainty of objects, a whole record of the donees should be recognised failing which the trust would be declared as void or the test is continued to be applicable, particularly for a fixed trust6. In McPhail v Doulton7 , Bertram Baden, as a settlor vested some assets to trustees to divide the income in their complete authority, to employees both present and past of Mathew Hall & Co Ltd or their dependants or relatives. The main issue was whether trust fulfilled the litmus test for certainty of objects and whether it is just a power or a trust8. McPhail case is relating to a discretionary trust where trustees have a crucial obligation to use their discretion to offer benefits to beneficiaries which has been assigned by the settlor to the trustees, and it is not â€Å"just power† given to the trustees by a settlor. Further, the main objective of the discretionary trust is to safeguard both the income and the capital of the fund and as a result, the beneficiaries derive benefits from the outcome of the Settlor’s profligacy. Moreover, discretionary trust is being mainly planned as a tax-avoidance method by making the rights of the beneficiaries under the discretionary trust as vague as those rights are designed more arduous to tax9. In Re Gestetner Settlement10 case, a trust was established for the members of a â€Å"specific class â€Å"as the trustees may choose the beneficiaries as they deem fit from that specified class. IRS argued that the trust was void due to uncertainty, and it was held that under discretionary trust, the trustees have such authority to decide or identify the

Richard III - Shakespeare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Richard III - Shakespeare - Essay Example He engages other by his persuasions in order to win their support; he does this using all possible means even killing others in order to achieve his ambitious dream. Although at the end of it all we see Devine power taking control of the scene. Because of Richard’s hunger for power, conflicts have been created in this society throughout the play Richard III. Richard is so ambitious and hungry to be the leader of England no matter the conflicts he brings between him and the people. From the beginning to the end of this play, every move is about Richard and his desire to be the king. He either uses persuasion or even kills to ensure he achieves this ambition. We see Richard sweet talking Lady Anne in order to win her. Lady Anne knows that Richard killed his husband and father in law King Henry VI, but still Richard cunningly is able to lure and win her for marriage. Richard knows that by marrying Lady Anne he makes a strategic move towards getting the throne (Shakespeare, 1597, A4v). He further spreads rumors about his brother through his false prophecy claiming that Clarence was planning to kill the king’s heirs yet he is the one planning to do so. He makes the king furious with Clarence leading to his imprisonment and later he is killed through Richard’s orders (Shakespeare, 1597). Richard had a number of plans of evil thi ngs to do to make himself king and rule England forever. These plans were to; eliminate his brother Clarence, marry Lady Ann, kill king Edward IV, become protector since the heirs were still young, eliminate anyone who supported the heirs, murder the young princes, make himself king, murder his wife then beat up Richmond. Richards hunger and ambition to get to power lead him to commit so many evil deeds in order for him to achieve his dreams. All the deeds by Richard to get himself to power created conflict between

Decision Making Stages Essay Example for Free

Decision Making Stages Essay Decision making (decision from Latin decidere to decide, determine, literally to cut off, from de- off and caedere to cut) can be regarded as the mental processes (cognitive process) resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice.[1] The output can be an action or an opinion of choice. * | Decision making stages Developed by B. Aubrey Fisher, there are four stages that should be involved in all group decision making. These stages, or sometimes called phases, are important for the decision making process to begin Orientation stage – This phase is where members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other. Conflict stage – Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out. Emergence stage – The group begins to clear up vague opinions by talking about them. Reinforcement stage – Members finally make a decision, while justifying themselves that it was the right decision. It is said that critical norms in a group improves the quality of decisions, while the majority of opinions (called consensus norms) do not. This is due to collaboration between one another, and when group members get used to, and familiar with, each other, they will tend to argue and create more of a dispute to agree upon one decision. This does not mean that all group members fully agree — they may not want argue further just to be liked by other group members or to fit in.[12] Q2 A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information needed to manage organizations effectively. Management information systems are regarded to be a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. Applications of MIS With computers being as ubiquitous as they are today, theres hardly any large business that does not rely extensively on their IT systems. However, there are several specific fields in which MIS has become invaluable. Strategy Support While computers cannot create business strategies by themselves they can assist management in understanding the effects of their strategies, and help enable effective decision-making. ï  ¶ MIS systems can be used to transform data into information useful for decision making. Computers can provide fina ncial statements and performance reports to assist in the planning, monitoring and implementation of strategy. MIS systems provide a valuable function in that they can collate into coherent reports unmanageable volumes of data that would otherwise be broadly useless to decision makers. By studying these reports decision-makers can identify patterns and trends that would have remained unseen if the raw data were consulted manually. ï  ¶ MIS systems can also use these raw data to run simulations hypothetical scenarios that answer a range of ‘what if’ questions regarding alterations in strategy. For instance, MIS systems can provide predictions about the effect on sales that an alteration in price would have on a product. These Decision Support Systems (DSS) enable more informed decision making within an enterprise than would be possible without MIS systems. Q3 Information Resources Management (IRM) is an emerging discipline that helps managers assess and exploit their information assets for business development. It draws on the techniques of information science (libraries) and information systems (IT related). It an important foundation for knowledge management, in that deals systematically with explicit knowledge. Knowledge centres often play an important part in introducing IRM into an organization. Identification:- * Identifies gaps and duplication of information * Clarifies roles and responsibilities of owners and users of information * Provide costs saving in the procurement and handling of information * Identifies cost/benefits of different information resources * Actively supports management decision processes with quality information Development :- 1. Understand the role of Information. Information can add value to your products and services. Improved information flows can improve the quality of decision making and internal operations. Yet many managers do not fully understand the real impact of information the cost of a lost opportunity, of a poor product, of a strategic mistake all risks that can be reduced by using the appropriate information. 2. Assign Responsibility for Leading your IRM Initiative. Developing value from information resources is often a responsibility that falls between the cracks of several departments the user departments in different business units, and corporate planning, MIS units or librarians.. 3. Develop Clear Policies on Information Resources Policies for ascertaining information needs, acquiring and managing information throughout its life cycle. Pay particular attention to ownership, information integrity and sharing. Make the policies consistent with your organisational culture. 4. Conduct an Information Audit (Knowledge Inventory). Identify current knowledge and information resources (or entities), their users, usage and importance. Identify sources, cost and value. Classify information and knowledge by its key attributes. Develop knowledge maps. As knowledge management gains prominence, this is sometimes called a knowledge inventory knowing what you know. 5. Link to Management Processes. Make sure that key decision and business process are supported with high leverage information. Assess each process for its information needs. 6. Systematic scanning. Systematically scan your business environment. This includes the wider environment legal and regulatory, political, social, economic and technological as well as the inner environment of your industry, markets, customers and competitors. Provide selective and tailored dissemination of vital signs to key executives. This goes beyond the daily abstracting service provided by many suppliers. 7. Mix hard/soft, internal/external. True patterns and insights emerge when internal and external data is juxtaposed, when hard data is evaluated against qualitative analysis. Tweak your MkIS system to do these comparisons. 7. Optimize your information purchases. You dont have to control purchasing, but most organisations do not know how much they are really spending on external information. By treating consultancy, market research, library expenses, report and databases as separate categories, many organisations are confusing media with content. 8. Introduce mining and refining processes. Good information management involves data mining, information refining and knowledge editing. You can use technology such as intelligent agents, to help, but ultimately subject matter experts are needed to repackage relevant material in a user friendly format. One useful technique is content analysis, whose methods have been developed by Trend Monitor International in their Information Refinery, and are used in our analysis services. The classifying, synthesising and refining of information combines the crafts of the information scientist, librarian, business analyst and market researcher/analyst. Yet many organisations do not integrate these disciplines. 9. Develop Appropriate Technological Systems Continual advances in technology increase the opportunities available for competitive advantage through effective information management. In particular, intranets, groupware and other collaborative technologies make it possible for more widespread sharing and collaborative use of information. Advances in text retrieval, document management and a host of other trends in knowledge management technologies have all created new opportunities for providers and users alike. 10. Exploit technology convergence. Telecommunications, office systems, publishing, documentation are converging. Exploit this convergence through open networking, using facilities such as the World Wide Web, not just for external information dissemination but for sharing information internally. 11. Encourage a Sharing Culture Information acquires value when turned into intelligence. Market Intelligence Systems (MkIS) are human expert-centred. Raw information needs interpretation, discussing and analysing teams of experts, offering different perspectives. This know-how sharing is a hall-mark of successful organisations. Q4 Mis use in financial management: Management Information Systems (MIS) in Finance have been widely adopted both by corporations as well as governments. They are information systems with capacity to maintain large data bases enabling organizations to store, organize and access financial information easily. 1. General Ledger * The main use of a management information System (MIS) in finance is that it automatically updates all the transactions in the General Ledger. The General Ledger is the core component of all financial information systems. Financial transactions are simultaneously posted on the various accounts that comprise the organizations Chart of Accounts. Simultaneous updating of accounts such as sales, inventory and accounts receivable, reduces errors. It also provides an accurate and permanent record of all historical transactions. Cash Management * Cash flow management is an important use of MIS in Finance. Cash Management refers to the control, monitoring and forecasting of cash for financing needs. Use of MIS in Finance helps companies track the flow of cash through accounts receivable and accounts payable accurately. Accurate records also help in monitoring cost of goods sold. This can help pin point areas that eat up cash flow such as inventory costs, high raw material costs or unreliable sales. * Sponsored Links * CFP Certification course ICICIdirect experts help you become a Certified Financial Planner.Apply www.icicidirect.com/CFP Budget Planning * Financial budget planning uses proforma or projected financial statements that serve as as formal documents of managements expectations regarding sales, expenses and other financial transactions. Thus financial budgets are tools used both for planning as well as control. MIS in finance helps organizations evaluate what if scenarios. By modifying the financial ratios, management can foresee the effects of various scenarios on the financial statements. MIS thus serves as a decision making tool, helping in choosing appropriate financial goals. Financial Reporting * The use of MIS systems in Finance enables companies to generate multiple financial reports accurately and consistently. Generation of financial statements both for internal reports as well as for shareholder information takes less effort because of the automatic updating of the General Ledger. Compliance with Government regulations as well as auditing requirements is also easier because the records are accurate and provide a permanent historical map of transactions that can be verified. Financial Modeling * A financial model is a system that incorporates mathematics, logic and data in the form of a large database. The model is used to manipulate the financial variables that affect earnings thus enabling planners to view the implications of their planning decisions. MIS in Finance enables organizations to store a large amount of data. This helps managers develop accurate models of the external environment and thus incorporate realistic what if scenarios into their long-range planning goal. PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: Production means transformation of Raw materials into finished products for sale. According to E. L. Brech, â€Å" Production Management is the process of effective planning and regulating the operations of that section of an enterprise which is responsible for the actual transformation of materials into finished products†. 1.Statergic planning 2 tactical planning 3 operational procedure. Q5 computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AIs scientific goal is to understand intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior. It is concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning, by a computer, and how the knowledge used to make those inferences will be represented inside the machine. Of course, the term intelligence covers many cognitive skills, including the ability to solve problems, learn, and understand language; AI addresses all of those. The Building Blocks of Expert Systems Every expert system consists of two principal parts: the knowledge base; and the reasoning, or inference, engine. The knowledge base of expert systems contains both factual and heuristic knowledge. Factual knowledge is that knowledge of the task domain that is widely shared, typically found in textbooks or journals, and commonly agreed upon by those knowledgeable in the particular field. Heuristic knowledge is the less rigorous, more experiential, more judgmental knowledge of performance. In contrast to factual knowledge, heuristic knowledge is rarely discussed, and is largely individualistic. It is the knowledge of good practice, good judgment, and plausible reasoning in the field. It is the knowledge that underlies the art of good guessing. Knowledge representation formalizes and organizes the knowledge. One widely used representation is the production rule, or simply rule. A rule consists of an IF part and a THEN part (also called a condition and an action). Example: Robotics Use of robots: for example, in industry, health, warfare, airlines, space, underwater exploration Q6 An integral part of any eBusiness system is its database. However, an advanced study of implementing databases is beyond the scope of this course. Here, for now, we are concerned with understanding the role that a database plays in an ebusiness system and in gaining an appreciation for the relational approach to managing data. A relational database turns raw data into persistent structured collections of information. In addition to managing information a database defines the relationships within an ebusiness system. The MIS is supported by database in its endeavor to support the management in decision making. The database models be it the NDBM, the HDBM or the RDBM, play the same role in the MIS. With the latest computer hardware and software capabilities the RDBMS have become popular. The concept of the end user computing can be implemented easily with the database approach to the information system. With the database approach, considerable data processing efforts, which were spent in the approach of the conventional system, are saved. The data is made independent of its application. The MIS designs have become more dependable due to the database and the SQL. The rigidity of the design is replaced by the flexibility of the design. It is now possible to review the applications more frequently from the point of view of utility and have them modified, if necessary. The database has strengthened the foundations of the MIS due to the following: * The database can be evolved to the new needs of the MIS. * The multiple needs can be met with easily. * The data design and the output design is flexible * Open system design of the MIS is possible. * The query handling becomes easier due to the Standard SQL. * User-friendly end user computing is possible. * The data is freed from its ownership and its use has become universal. * The Information Technology provides tools to handle distributed multiple databases making the MIS richer.